20、Netty入门 - TCP粘包拆包原理

1.TCP粘包和拆包基本介绍

1、TCP是面向连接的,面向流的,提供高可靠性服务。收发两端(客户端和服务器端)都要有一一成对的socket,因此,发送端为了将多个发给接收端的包,更有效的发给对方,使用了优化方法(Nagle算法),将多次间隔较小且数据量小的数据合并成一个大的数据块,然后进行封包。这样做虽然提高了效率,但是接收端就难于分辨出完整的数据包了,因此面向流的通信是无消息保护边界的。

2、由于TCP无消息保护边界,需要在接收端处理消息边界问题,也就是我们所说的粘包、拆包问题。TCP粘包、拆包图解如下所示。

 

假设客户端分别发送了两个数据包 D1 和 D2 给服务端,由于服务端一次读取到字节数是不确定的,故可能存在以下四种情况:

1、服务端分两次读取到了两个独立的数据包,分别是 D1 和 D2,没有粘包和拆包;

2、服务端一次接受到了两个数据包,D1 和 D2 粘合在一起,称之为 TCP 粘包;

3、服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了完整的 D1 包和 D2 包的部分内容,第二次读取到了 D2 包的剩余内容,这称之为 TCP 拆包;

4、服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了 D1 包的部分内容 D1_1,第二次读取到了 D1 包的剩余部分内容 D1_2 和完整的 D2 包。

2.TCP粘包和拆包现象实例

在编写Netty 程序时,如果没有做处理,就会发生粘包和拆包的问题。具体看下面一个实例。

服务端代码:

public class MyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NioEventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        NioEventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(8);

        try {
            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                    .childHandler(new MyServerInitializer());

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
    }
}

public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {
    private int count;

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) throws Exception {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[msg.readableBytes()];

        msg.readBytes(buffer);

        // 将 buffer 转成字符串
        String message = new String(buffer, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
        System.out.println("服务器接收到数据 " + message);
        System.out.println("服务器接收到消息量= " + (++this.count));

        // 服务器回送数据给客户端,回送一个随机id
        ByteBuf response = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(UUID.randomUUID().toString() + " ", Charset.forName("utf-8"));
        ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

客户端代码:

public class MyClinet {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group)
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new MyClientInitializer());

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
    }
}

public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {
    private int count;

    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        // 使用客户端发送10条数据 hello,Server 编号
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            ByteBuf byteBuf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(" hello,Server " + i, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
            ctx.writeAndFlush(byteBuf);
        }

    }

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) throws Exception {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[msg.readableBytes()];
        msg.readBytes(buffer);

        String message = new String(buffer, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
        System.out.println("客户端接收的消息= " + message);
        System.out.println("客户端接收消息数量=" + (++this.count));
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

结果如下所示。

 

3.TCP粘包和拆包解决方案

1、使用自定义协议 + 编解码器 来解决;

2、关键就是要解决 服务端每次读取数据长度的问题,这个问题解决,就不会出现服务器多度或少读数据的问题,从而避免的TCP粘包、拆包。

看一个具体的实例:

1、要求客户端发送5个 Message 对象,客户端每次发送一个 Message 对象。

2、服务器端每次接收一个 Message,分5次进行解码,每读取到一个 Message,会回复一个 Message 对象给客户端。

 

协议包对象代码:

/**
 * 协议包
 */
public class MessageProtocol {
    private int len;
    private byte[] content;

    public int getLen() {
        return len;
    }

    public void setLen(int len) {
        this.len = len;
    }

    public byte[] getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public void setContent(byte[] content) {
        this.content = content;
    }
}

编解码器代码:

public class MyMessageEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder<MessageProtocol> {
    @Override
    protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyMessageEncoder encode()方法被调用");
        out.writeInt(msg.getLen());
        out.writeBytes(msg.getContent());
    }
}

public class MyMessageDecoder extends ReplayingDecoder<Void> {
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyMessageDecoder decode()方法被调用~~~~");
        // 将得到的二进制字节码转成 MessageProtocol 数据包
        int length = in.readInt();

        byte[] content = new byte[length];
        in.readBytes(content);

        // 封装成 MessageProtocol 对象,放入到 out,传递给下一个 handler进行业务处理
        MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
        messageProtocol.setContent(content);
        messageProtocol.setLen(length);

        out.add(messageProtocol);

    }
}

服务端代码:

public class MyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NioEventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        NioEventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(8);

        try {
            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                    .childHandler(new MyServerInitializer());

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder());
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder());
        pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
    }
}

/**
 * 处理业务
 */
public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol> {
    private int count;

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {
        // 接收到数据,并处理
        int len = msg.getLen();
        byte[] content = msg.getContent();

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("服务端接收到信息如下");
        System.out.println("长度=" + len);
        System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));

        System.out.println("服务器接收到消息包数量=" + (++this.count));

        // 回复消息
        String responseContent = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        int responseLen = responseContent.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8")).length;
        // 构建一个协议包
        MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
        messageProtocol.setLen(responseLen);
        messageProtocol.setContent(responseContent.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8")));

        ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);

    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

客户端代码:

public class MyClinet {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group)
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new MyClientInitializer());

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        // 加入编码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder());
        // 加入解码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder());
        pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
    }
}

public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol> {
    private int count;

    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        // 使用客户端发送5条数据 "今天天气冷,吃火锅" 编号
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            String msg = "今天天气冷,吃火锅";
            byte[] content = msg.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8"));
            int length = msg.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8")).length;

            // 创建协议包对象
            MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
            messageProtocol.setLen(length);
            messageProtocol.setContent(content);

            ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {
        int len = msg.getLen();
        byte[] content = msg.getContent();

        System.out.println("客户端接收到消息如下");
        System.out.println("长度=" + len);
        System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));

        System.out.println("客户端接收消息包数量=" + (++this.count));
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

测试结果如下。