一、阻塞队列
1.1 概念
比如12306服务器并发支持10W,突然来30W请求肯定会冲垮服务器,所以用阻塞队列,把后20W请求放入队列,等服务器处理完一部分,在从队列里取一部分,限流削峰思想。放入队列可以放入内存中,也可以持久化,持久化的方式就是消息中间件。
概念:
- 在多线程领域:所谓阻塞,在某些情况下会挂起线程(即阻塞),⼀旦条件满⾜,被挂起的线程⼜会⾃动被唤醒。
- 阻塞队列 是⼀个队列,在数据结构中起的作⽤如下图:
- 当队列是空的,从队列中获取(Take)元素的操作将会被阻塞
- 当队列是满的,从队列中添加(Put)元素的操作将会被阻塞
- 试图从空的队列中获取元素的线程将会被阻塞,直到其他线程往空的队列插⼊新的元素
- 试图向已满的队列中添加新元素的线程将会被阻塞,直到其他线程从队列中移除⼀个或多个元素或者完全清空,使队列变得空闲起来后并后续新增
好处:阻塞队列不⽤⼿动控制什么时候该被阻塞,什么时候该被唤醒,简化了操作。
体系: Collection → Queue → BlockingQueue →七个阻塞队列实现类。
1.2 阻塞队列7个实现类
类名 | 作⽤ |
---|---|
ArrayBlockingQueue | 由数组结构构成的有界阻塞队列 |
PriorityBlockingQueue | ⽀持优先级排序的⽆界阻塞队列 |
DelayQueue | 使⽤优先级队列实现的延迟⽆界阻塞队列 |
LinkedBlockingQueue | 由链表结构构成的有界(但默认值为Integer.MAX_VALUE)阻塞队列 |
LinkedBlockingDeque | 由链表构成的双向阻塞队列 |
SynchronousQueue | 不存储元素的阻塞队列,也即单个元素的队列 |
LinkedTransferQueue | 由链表构成的⽆界阻塞队列 |
粗体标记的三个⽤得⽐较多,许多消息中间件底层就是⽤它们实现的。
需要注意的是
LinkedBlockingQueue
虽然是有界的,但有个巨坑,其默认⼤⼩是Integer.MAX_VALUE
,⾼达21亿,⼀般情况下内存早爆了(在线程池的ThreadPoolExecutor
有体现)。
1.3 API介绍:
⽅法类型 | 抛出异常 | 返回布尔 | 阻塞 | 超时 |
---|---|---|---|---|
插⼊ | add(E e) | offer(E e) | put(E e) | offer(E e,Time,TimeUnit) |
取出 | remove() | poll() | take() | poll(Time,TimeUnit) |
队⾸ | element() | peek() | ⽆ | ⽆ |
- 抛出异常是指当队列满时,再次插⼊会抛出异常;
- 返回布尔是指当队列满时,再次插⼊会返回 false;
- 阻塞是指当队列满时,再次插⼊会被阻塞,直到队列取出⼀个元素,才能插⼊。
- 超时是指当⼀个时限过后,才会插⼊或者取出。API使⽤⻅BlockingQueueDemo。
效果演示:
public class BlockingQueueDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<String>(3);
//addAndRemove(blockingQueue);
//offerAndPoll(blockingQueue);
//putAndTake(blockingQueue);
outOfTime(blockingQueue);
}
private static void outOfTime(BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue) throws InterruptedException {
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("a",2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("a",2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("a",2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("a",2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));//队列满了,当前线程会阻塞,直到添加成功或者超过指定的延迟时间返回false
}
private static void putAndTake(BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue) throws InterruptedException {
blockingQueue.put("a");
blockingQueue.put("b");
blockingQueue.put("c");
//blockingQueue.put("d");//不注释,队列满了,当前线程会阻塞,直到有容量添加成功
System.out.println(blockingQueue.take());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.take());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.take());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.take());//取不到元素,当前线程会阻塞,直到队列有元素获取成功
}
private static void offerAndPoll(BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue) {
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("a"));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("b"));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("c"));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.offer("e"));//offer添加,如果容量满了直接返回false
System.out.println(blockingQueue.peek());//peek直接查看队首元素,但不取出队列,取不到直接返回null
System.out.println(blockingQueue.poll());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.poll());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.poll());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.poll());//poll取元素,如果取不到直接返回null
}
private static void addAndRemove(BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue) {
System.out.println(blockingQueue.add("a"));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.add("b"));
System.out.println(blockingQueue.add("c"));
//System.out.println(blockingQueue.add("e"));//阻塞队列容量为3,add插入第四个会抛异常
System.out.println(blockingQueue.element());//element直接查看队首元素,但不取出队列,取不到抛异常
System.out.println(blockingQueue.remove());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.remove());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.remove());
System.out.println(blockingQueue.remove());//remove也是同理,取不到也会抛异常
}
}
二、⽣产者消费者模型
2.1 Synchronized实现线程通信
传统模式使⽤ Synchronized
来进⾏线程的同步操作
class Aircondition{
private int number = 0;
//老版写法
public synchronized void increment() throws Exception{
//1.判断
if (number != 0){
this.wait();
}
//2.干活
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
this.notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void decrement() throws Exception{
//1.判断
if (number == 0){
this.wait();
}
//2.干活
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
this.notifyAll();
}
}
/**
* 题目:现在两个线程,可以操作初始值为零的一个变量,
* 实现一个线程对该变量加1,一个线程对该变量-1,
* 实现交替,来10轮,变量初始值为0.
* 1.高内聚低耦合前提下,线程操作资源类
* 2.判断/干活/通知
* 3.防止虚假唤醒(判断只能用while,不能用if)
*
* 知识小总结:多线程编程套路+while判断+新版写法
*/
public class ProdConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Aircondition aircondition = new Aircondition();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.increment();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.decrement();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B").start();
}
}
2.2 虚假唤醒问题演示和解决
上面只有一个消费者,一个生产者,现在分别在加一个消费者、生产者:
public class ProdConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Aircondition aircondition = new Aircondition();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.increment();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.increment();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A-2").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.decrement();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.decrement();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B-2").start();
}
}
看到出现了2,3,if改成while即可解决
class Aircondition{
private int number = 0;
//老版写法
public synchronized void increment() throws Exception{
//1.判断
while (number != 0){
//if改成while即可解决
this.wait();
}
//2.干活
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
this.notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void decrement() throws Exception{
//1.判断
while (number == 0){
//if改成while即可解决
this.wait();
}
//2.干活
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
this.notifyAll();
}
}
2.3 Condition 实现线程通信
新模式使⽤ Lock
来进⾏操作,需要⼿动加锁、解锁。Condition之前介绍过,直接看DEMO:
/**
* 新版本代码
*/
class Aircondition{
private int number = 0;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
public void increment() throws Exception{
//获取锁
lock.lock();
try{
//1.判断
while (number != 0){
//this.wait();
condition.await();
}
//2.干活
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
//this.notifyAll();
condition.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//释放锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void decrement() throws Exception{
//获取锁
lock.lock();
//释放锁
try{
//1.判断
while (number == 0){
//this.wait();
condition.await();
}
//2.干活
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+number);
//3通知
//this.notifyAll();
condition.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//释放锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
/**
* 题目:现在两个线程,可以操作初始值为零的一个变量,
* 实现一个线程对该变量加1,一个线程对该变量-1,
* 实现交替,来10轮,变量初始值为0.
* 1.高内聚低耦合前提下,线程操作资源类
* 2.判断/干活/通知
* 3.防止虚假唤醒(判断只能用while,不能用if)
* 知识小总结:多线程编程套路+while判断+新版写法
*/
public class ProdConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Aircondition aircondition = new Aircondition();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.increment();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.increment();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A-2").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.decrement();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
try {
aircondition.decrement();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B-2").start();
}
}
效果一样,不截图了。
2.4 Condition实现精准通知顺序访问
之前在Condition那章节演示过一个更复杂的阿里面试题,下面这个相对来更简单,直接看Demo:
class ShareData{
private int number = 1;//标识位,代表需要唤醒的线程 A:1,B:2,C:3
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c3 = lock.newCondition();
public void printc1(){
lock.lock();
try {
//1.判断
while (number != 1){
c1.await();
}
//2.干活
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+i);
}
//3.通知
number = 2;
//通知第2个
c2.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void printc2(){
lock.lock();
try {
//1.判断
while (number != 2){
c2.await();
}
//2.干活
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+i);
}
//3.通知
number = 3;
//如何通知第3个
c3.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void printc3(){
lock.lock();
try {
//1.判断
while (number != 3){
c3.await();
}
//2.干活
for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+i);
}
//3.通知
number = 1;
//如何通知第1个
c1.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
/**
* 备注:多线程之间按顺序调用,实现A->B->C
* 三个线程启动,要求如下:
* A打印5次,B打印10次,C打印15次
* 接着
* A打印5次,B打印10次,C打印15次
* 来10轮
* 1.高内聚低耦合前提下,线程操作资源类
* 2.判断/干活/通知
* 3.多线程交互中,防止虚假唤醒(判断只能用while,不能用if)
* 4.标志位
*/
public class ConditionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShareData shareData = new ShareData();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
shareData.printc1();
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
shareData.printc2();
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
shareData.printc3();
}
},"C").start();
}
}
2.5 Synchronized和Lock的区别
synchronized
关键字和 java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock
都能加锁,两者有什么区别呢?
-
- 原始构成: sync 是JVM层⾯的,底层通过 monitorenter 和 monitorexit 来实现的。 Lock 是JDK API层⾯的。( sync ⼀个enter会有两个exit,⼀个是正常退出,⼀个是异常退出)
-
- 使⽤⽅法: sync 不需要⼿动释放锁,⽽ Lock 需要⼿动释放。
-
- 是否可中断: sync 不可中断,除⾮抛出异常或者正常运⾏完成。 Lock 是可中断的,通过调⽤ interrupt() ⽅法。
-
- 是否为公平锁: sync 只能是⾮公平锁,⽽ Lock 既能是公平锁,⼜能是⾮公平锁。
-
- 绑定多个条件: sync 不能,只能随机唤醒。⽽ Lock 可以通过 Condition 来绑定多个条件,精确唤醒。
2.6 阻塞队列实现⽣产者消费者模型
为什么需要BlockingQueue?
好处是我们不需要关⼼什么时候需要阻塞线程,什么时候需要唤醒线程,因为这⼀切BlockingQueue都给你⼀⼿包办好了,使⽤阻塞队列 后就不需要⼿动加锁了。
在Concurrent包发布以前,在多线程环境下,我们每个程序员都必须去⾃⼰控制这些细节,尤其还要兼顾效率和线程安全,⽽这会给我们的程序带来不⼩的复杂度。
public class ProdConsBlockQueueDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyResource myResource = new MyResource(new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(2));
new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t生产线程启动");
try {
myResource.myProd();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}, "prod").start();
new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t生产线程启动");
try {
myResource.myProd();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}, "prod-2").start();
new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t消费线程启动");
try {
myResource.myCons();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}, "cons").start();
new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t消费线程启动");
try {
myResource.myCons();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}, "cons-2").start();
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("5秒钟后,叫停");
myResource.stop();
}
}
class MyResource {
private volatile boolean FLAG = true; //默认开启,进行生产+消费
private AtomicInteger atomicInteger = new AtomicInteger();
private BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue = null;
public MyResource(BlockingQueue<String> blockingQueue) {
this.blockingQueue = blockingQueue;
System.out.println(blockingQueue.getClass().getName());
}
public void myProd() throws Exception {
String data = null;
boolean retValue;
while (FLAG) {
data = atomicInteger.incrementAndGet() + "";//++i
retValue = blockingQueue.offer(data, 2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
if (retValue) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + "插入队列" + data + "成功");
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + "插入队列" + data + "失败");
}
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t老板叫停了,FLAG已更新为false,停止生产");
}
public void myCons() throws Exception {
String res;
while (FLAG) {
res = blockingQueue.poll(2L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
if (null == res || "".equals(res)) {
// FLAG = false;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t超过2秒钟没有消费,退出消费");
return;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t\t消费队列" + res + "成功");
}
}
public void stop() {
this.FLAG = false;
}
}